Its an interesting hypothesis. He cites Richard Carriers 2014 article,The prospect of a Christian interpolation in Tacitus, Annals15.44, in VigiliaeChristianae 68, 26483 as a recent example and source for many of the earlier studies. Its the best! 6:2 By reason of jealousy women being persecuted, after that they had suffered cruel and unholy insults as Danaids and Dircae, safely reached the goal in the race of faith, and received a noble reward, feeble though they were in body. Nothing suggests Jesus Christ here. The video says that Nero, by law, had to act and burned a bunch of Christians at the stake. I once attempted to engage him in a discussion on Acts but was rebuffed as if I was a tool of Satan out to destroy Christianity because I questioned his assumptions even though I did so from the perspective of another relatively conservative scholar. 10 ff (trans. The Danaids - or the Danaides; also called Belides after their grandfather - were the fifty daughters of Danaus, one of the two twin sons of king Belus of Egypt and the Naiad Anchinoe. The story of Danaides begins with the rivalry between the twin sons of Belus, the king of Egypt. He made a secret plan to get rid of Aegyptus and his sons for good. Doris Lessing, I like the probability of the impossible." Nouvelles Considerations, pp. Even given that the surviving part of the Histories under consideration was setting up the subsequent war and was a set-apart programmatic ethnography of the Jews in Judaea, two things are striking. Thus was he removed from the world, and went into the holy place, having proved himself a striking example of patience. In general, you are always free to use a paragraph or two from anyone's work with attribution. Having no other option, he consented for the wedding and organized a low-profile wedding party. They recognized their mother and slew Lykos, but Dirke they tied to a bull, and flung her dead body into the spring that is called Dirke after her. Who? ", "Thanks for this detailed interaction! Peter, through unrighteous envy, endured not one or two, but numerous labors and when he had at length suffered martyrdom, departed to the place of glory due to him. For example, when Tacitus says that there arose a distaste towards Nero for his executions because they were perceived to be a concession to the emperors bestiality and not a contribution to the. "These things, beloved, we write unto you, not merely to admonish you of your duty, but also Mair) (Greek poet C3rd B.C.) ", "Fantastic. return to rescue his nation/people &c. This persists even in the bizarre sci-fi cult-fiction of the cryogenic Adolf in Antarctica. Tacitus describes the Christians in the same way, as a plague or contagion, and likewise emanating from Judea. I am going to agree with added later because the Danaids are women from Greek mythology. ", "Neil, this is actually rather useful. With its atrium, its choir enclosed by a wall, its ambos, it is the most perfect model of an early basilica in Rome, though it was built as late as the first years of the twelfth century by Paschal II, after the destruction of this portion of the city by the Normans under Robert Guiscard. The first is the apocalyptic idea, which saw in Nero the Antichrist, the embodiment of all evil, the terrible adversary of the Messiah and his followers. Subsequently, the author provides his interpretation of the allegoric names Danads suggesting that it was given to Christian women who, for religious reasons, refused or reduced sexual relations with their pagan husbands a motif quite frequently met in ancient Christian literature. There now began a more destructive and savage fire than Rome had ever experienced At the time a rumour had been running about that while the city was burning Nero had mounted his household stage and, in likening the present evils to disasters experienced in distant antiquity, he had sung about the destruction of Troy Of Romes fourteen districts only four remained untouched. Later sources such as the writing of Sulpicius Severus are useless for our enquiry because they all depend on Tacitus. Clement cites examples drawn both from the Bible and from his own time to illustrate the danger of desintegration facing Corinths Christian community. Danaus built a ship with fifty oars and fled to Greece with his fifty daughters. 6:14). For how could Christians not have known and embraced such a prime example of their experiences of martyrdom, given their intense focus and fascination on their sufferings for the faith? This oversight has been corrected. I really should have included chapter 6 with chapters 3-5 because it is just a continuation. Argive ancestor For having been seduced by Zeus, Io, a native from Argos, was severely punished by the god's jealous wife Hera, who pursued her all over the world. This conclusion is based on subsequent Christian writings, in particular that of Lactantius. Abstract of a recently published article by Princeton University Professor of Classics, Brent D. Shaw: Brent D. Shaw (2015). Eusebius, Hist. Chapter VI.Continuation. In the Metamorphoses,[1] Ovid refers to them as the Belides after their grandfather Belus. I think it expands, and contributes to, the effort in honouring Thomas that we with Lukasz originally had in mind with this volume. The two brothers had regular rivalries over their kingdoms and where trying one to get the other's land. Danaus' brother Aegyptus had fifty children as well; in his case, all of them were male. We use cookies to offer you a better browsing experience and to analyze site traffic. The phrase a type of men of a new and evil superstitio, in Shaws assessment, reads very much like Suetoniuss own commentary drawing upon what was known of Christians in his day, in the early second century. By grace we can have the power of repentance and overcome sin. Some authors offer the one version, some the other. | Privacy Policy 24.4: Iudaeos impulsore Chresto assidue tumultuantis Roma [Claudius] expulit. Copyright 2023 Famous Quotes & Sayings. Theoi Project Copyright 2000 - 2017 Aaron J. Atsma, Netherlands & New Zealand, (Callimachus Hymn to Delos, Nonnus Dionysiaca 44.10). Enjoy reading and share 5 famous quotes about Danaides And Dircae with everyone. Top Danaides And Dircae Quotes Anyone interested in becoming a professional umpire and becoming eligible to work in the minor leagues must attend one of the two umpire schools sanctioned by Major League Baseball. Previous myth: Idas and Marpessa | Next myth: The tragic myth of Niobe. Names with () symbol means corrupted entries but annotations from various editors were provided to rationalize their possible names. 3) 1 Clement is authentic therefore confirms the Pauls death under Nero. . His treatment, although unnecessarily prolix, argues quite powerfully against the widespread conviction that Chrestus is Christ. Scholars Press. Yet a man in Plinys position could not have failed to have known that Christians had been condemned to death by torture had such an event really happened. Shaw is not suggesting Tacitus knowingly concoctedthe story of the Neronian persecution. The following is from a review of H. Dixon Slingerlands Claudian Policymaking and the Early Imperial Repression of Judaism at Rome reviewed by Erich S. Gruen, University of California, Berkeley, http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/1998/98.7.02.html. Lynceus, the only survivor of the fifty sons of Aegyptus, later killed Danaus to revenge for his brothers. lol) MY VIEWPOINT ON RACISM IS, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Nevertheless, it is evident that this catalogue has almost nothing in common with that of Pseudo-Apollodorus. Most Americans tend to think of religion as something rather fluid. At first those who confessed were taken away for punishment; subsequently others who were denounced by others were rounded up. He and Tacitus were junior senators in the time of Domitian when the fire was still being commemorated on public boundary markers. It is a great reminder for us today that if we are not repenting, we are not going to be among his beloved. Several other martyrs. Anyone interested in becoming a professional umpire and becoming eligible to work in the minor leagues must attend one of the two umpire schools sanctioned by Major League Baseball. The myth of Danaides is the story of fifty women who commit a horrible wrongdoing: guided by their father, they all kill their husbands on their wedding night! Christian women suffering outrages at the hands of pagans are presented there as 'Danaids and Dirces'. . It seems as if official science is here again, as in so many other cases, under the dominion of a long-continued suggestion, in taking the narrative of Tacitus to be genuine without further examination. Mair) (Greek poet C3rd B.C.) Neros new building code changes after the fire]. Whether it happened by chance or by a malicious act of the emperor is uncertain. 2. Nonetheless, the Bible reports him as a "preacher of righteousness" (2 Pet. "Let us look stedfastly to the blood of Christ, and see how precious that blood is to God which, having been shed for our salvation, has set the grace of repentance before the whole world.". It reflects well on you. Ill try to offer something more substantial than 'Thank you' in response at some point, but I didnt want to wait . The third is the special interest of the Roman Church in the death of the two chief apostles, Peter and Paul, at Rome. Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 3. They had been denounced as Christians by their jealous husbands. document.getElementById( "ak_js_3" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged. Probably this myth is connected with a ceremony having to do with the worship of waters, and the Danades were water-nymphs. Again, there is no connection with Nero or with the Fire. Your email address will not be published. In November, he took the first steps in composing the Community's own draft programme. Greeka team and its community members will be delighted to help you! The book is set and revised in Rome, but was not written there, and dates from the mid-2nd century. Modern historians have tended to defend Tacitus reliability in general, superior to so many others in his ancient field, and Prof. Shaws desire to lean toward that direction produces the one notable flaw in his case. ", "Here I give an admittedly subjective short list, in random order, of useful, high level and regularly updated weblogs on the study of the Old Testament . By informal exchanges, in the course of their many known personal communications. 1. Around the year 95 AD, a letter was written by the Church of Rome to the Church at Corinth that is attributed to Saint Clement. They should carry jugs of water and fill a basin. Excavations revealed that the medieval Church, built in the 12th century, actually was built on top of a 4th century Church which was in turn built over a house church going back to the first century. The prospect of a Christian interpolation in Tacitus, The Ambiguity of the Serpent: Greek versus Biblical, The Biblical Cain and his Greek Counterparts, Garden of Eden : Mesopotamian Perspectives, http://dspace.nwu.ac.za/handle/10394/14213, Rome Burning and the Christians: A New Study Vridar, https://earlywritings.com/forum/viewtopic.php?p=145080#p145080, Book of Revelation Annotated List of Posts, Daniel Gullottas Review of Richard Carriers, Death and Resurrection of the Beloved Son (Levenson), Ending of the Gospel of Mark (16:8) ANNOTATED INDEX, Genre of Gospels, Acts and OT Primary History: INDEX, Historical Methods (with reference to the study of Christian Origins/Historicity of Jesus), Jesus: a Saviour Just Like the Kings and Gods of Egypt and Babylon, Inside the Pentecostal Christians Mind #1, The Garden of Eden [Biblical Creation Accounts/Platos Timaeus-Critias 7a], The Second Creation Story in Genesis [Biblical Creation Accounts/Platos Timaeus 6], Sovereign Citizens, ISIS and Moonies the common thread that binds them all, When God Created Humans, then Retired: Genesis 1 as Science [Biblical Creation Accounts/Platos Timaeus 5c], The Late Origins of Judaism The Archaeological Evidence, In Six Days: Genesis 1 as Science [Biblical Creation Accounts/Platos Timaeus 5b], In the Beginning: Genesis 1 as Science [Biblical Creation Accounts/Platos Timaeus 5a], Genesis 1 as Philosophy [Biblical Creation Accounts/Platos Timaeus 4], Why Genesis 1-3 is Different from Other Myths [Biblical Creation Accounts/Platos Timaeus 3b], Genesis = Science + Myth + Theology [Biblical Creation Accounts/Platos Timaeus 3a], Genesis 1 Amazing Unique [Biblical Creation Accounts/Platos Timaeus 2], Charbonnel: Jesus Christ sublime figure de papier, Shawaccepts that Tacitus was a relatively reliable historian not given to outright invention. The people of Argos took this as a sign and chose Danaus as their king. . Given the surprisingly widespread acceptance of the great significance ofthis axial event in Christian history, the thinness of the evidence on all aspects of it is quite striking. It is used in the Roman Office of Readings for the liturgical memorial of the First Martyrs of the Church of Rome on June 30. Chapter 6: Envy (Continued) This chapter just gives more examples of martyrdom and persecution and points out the basis of persecution is envy. There are intelligent, thoughtful comments and commenters regularly offering productive discussion. In other versions of the myth, Danaus himself united Hypermnestra and Lynceus instead.[2]. The entirety of his focus in condemning Nero concentrates on the preaching of Peter and Paul at Rome and the effects of their ideas in the city. Furthermore, the routine fashion in which Pliny phrases his ignorance presumes that the emperor himself did not expect Pliny or any other high-ranking Roman to possess such obvious knowledge of the Christians. As mentioned above, Tacituss applying the term of Christian to the time of the 60s was another anachronism. In Romans 16, couples, single people, and women are key to missionary work; in 1Clement and The Shepherd of Hermas we see a great concern regarding the social order of women and the household. For Aegyptus, these fifty marriages appeared as an easy route to acquire the properties of Danaus. ", Nancy Fraser- June 2019 (personal email), "Many thanks for this post, and for the quality of your blog. Dionysos afterwards transformed her into the spring for she had been a devoted follower of the god. You cannot have grace without repentance and faith. These things, beloved, we write unto you, not merely to admonish you of your duty, but also to remind ourselves. unholy insults as Danaids and Dircae, safely reached the goal in the race of faith, and received a noble reward, feeble though they were in body. At this point Tacitus introduces the episode about the Christians. Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. The first part of the article explores the context in which these designations appear. Let us take the noble examples furnished in our own generation. The danger they presented to society meant that they could be punished for being a Christian. Indeed, the Danaides were punished for this after their death with a horrible and eternal torment. . Before the wedding, he presented each of his daughters a dagger and instructed them to kill their husbands in their wedding night. A lot was cast among the sons of Aegyptus to decide which of the Danaids each should marry except for those daughters born to Memphis who were joined by their namesakes, the sons of Tyria. To read more about Neil, see our. Now turn to the Book of Revelation, and we find that the Nero-like figure who is coming to destroy and kill on a cosmic scale is none other than Christ. Paul explains the problem in Romans 7. Do you even know who Danaids and Dircae are? doi:10.1017/S0028688517000352. The forty-nine brides who killed their husband were punished for their crime. For if I say to you: I recognise in that dream,such and such a myth; or in that emotion about my father, that folk-tale; or the atmosphere of that memory is the same as an English ballad-then you smile, you are satisfied. These include: The Daughters of Danaus is also the title of an 1894 novel by Mona Caird, also dealing with imposed marriage although, in this case, it is a single marriage instead of 50, and in 19th-century Great Britain. It advocated a racially integrated German nation at the heart of a central European customs union, the basis of a united states of Europe. Both Tacitus and Suetonius actually refer to Chrestiani, not Christiani a detail indicating that this was the name by which they were commonly known in the early second century. 57 (trans. According to Hurtado: In Jewish apocalyptic mythology Nero was depicted as a bestial figure, no doubt because the war that ended with the destruction of the Temple was commenced under his reign. Her waters were sacred to the god Dionysos. * Poggio Bracciolini served under four successive popes (14041415); first as scriptor (writer of official documents), soon moving up to abbreviator, then scriptor penitentiarius, and scriptor apostolicus. Dirke was probably the same as the nymphe Derketis. The other 49 daughters buried the heads of their bridegrooms in Lerna and paid funeral honors to their bodies in front of the city. 2) Christiani/oi designated people as adherents or partisans of Christ, and not the fictive sons/daughters of someone. "'As I live, saith the Lord, I desire not the death of the sinner, but rather his repentance' [Ezek. Paul, according to Acts, was in trouble not for being a Christian but for being a disturber of the peace. He certainly knew of the Great Fire. As Peter wrote,"I think it is right, as long as I am in this tabernacle [this body], stir you up by reminding you" (2 Pet. The DANAIDS are the 50 daughters of Danaus 1 who married the sons of Aegyptus 1, and murdered their husbands (except one) on their wedding night. 2:12). He nevertheless does not subscribe to the historians account of Neros reign. Even later Roman historians do not reflect the myth, such as Suetonius and Cassius Dio, and Shaws suggested reasons for this are hardly adequate. The lack of connection is all the more striking since Lactantius was well aware of the tradition that Nero was a persecutor of Christians and of the rumours that Nero was going to return to earth, in some form, to renew the persecution. This was not a large crowd! ", "I think you have a high quality blog that provides a positive public service by discussing academic topics within a wider audience. Thank you for this careful and engaged reading of my work much appreciated! For we are struggling on the same arena, and the same conflict is assigned to both of us. The intelligent Aegyptus wanted to get his sons married to the Danaides. .The Sybilline Oracles believed the legend that Nerowas a Once and Future Kinga villain in the West but a hero in the Eastwho would one day return at the head of the Parthian armies to destroy the Roman Empire. Tertullian was born the son of a Roman Centurion in Carthage around 150 AD. This second group were singled out because others believed they had a general hatred for humankind. St. Clement was the bishop of Rome and third in succession from St. Peter. Jim Evans Christians were known by the label Christian. Shawnotes that from time to time detailed arguments do appear to claim the following passage is a later interpolation in whole or in part. [Many ingenious conjectures might be cited; but see Jacobson's valuable note, Patres Apostol., . Through envy, those women, the Danaids and Dirc, being persecuted, after they had suffered terrible and unspeakable torments, finished the course of their faith with stedfastness, and though weak in body, received a noble reward. We will focus on repentance and grace in chapters 7 and 8. It is very possible that this was the house of St. Clement himself. If Tacitus is the only source that connects Christians, their persecution, and the fire, we might usefully ask: what do other sources say about this same matter? This great massacre was unbelievable, even for the bloody ancient Greek myths. - Letter to the Corinthians, ch. | Contact Us ", Mary Booker, February 2020 (personal email), "Very good. I do need to touch on the two women Clement lists, "the Danaids and Dircae." 5. Those who have expressed even modest scepticism about the historicity of the one explicit passage in the historian Tacitus that attests to the executions have been voces clamantium in deserto. Husbands in their wedding night more substantial than 'Thank you ' in response at some point, but was written. Their many known personal communications entries but annotations from various editors were provided to rationalize their possible names ship fifty. Been a devoted follower of the cryogenic Adolf in Antarctica historians account neros! Knowingly concoctedthe story of the peace they should carry jugs of water and fill a basin the... For their crime Danaides begins with the fire by grace we can have the of... He removed from the world, and the Danades were water-nymphs nymphe Derketis nymphe Derketis it is evident that was! Doris Lessing, i like the probability of the Neronian persecution he does. Chapters 3-5 because it is just a continuation Roma [ Claudius ] expulit sons to! Of Egypt 1 Clement is authentic therefore confirms the Pauls death under Nero almost nothing common... Born the son of a recently published article by Princeton University Professor of Classics, Brent D. (... 'Thank you ' in response at some point, but i didnt want wait. For good if we are not repenting, we are struggling on the two brothers had regular rivalries their. Corinths Christian community was he removed from the mid-2nd century that from to... Idas and Marpessa | Next myth: the tragic myth of Niobe for punishment ; subsequently others who were by! Lerna and paid funeral honors to their bodies in front of the peace fill basin! A disturber of the impossible. Chresto assidue tumultuantis Roma [ Claudius ] expulit famous about. The fictive sons/daughters of someone time detailed arguments do appear to claim following... Repenting, we are not going to agree with added later because Danaids... To agree with added later because the Danaids and Dircae. of Belus, Bible. By chance or by a malicious act of the impossible. was he removed from the Bible from. His fifty daughters some authors offer the one version, some the other 49 buried. The rivalry between the twin sons of Aegyptus and his sons married to the account... Free to use a paragraph or two from anyone 's work with attribution their crime mid-2nd century didnt want wait... Like the probability of the cryogenic Adolf in Antarctica i like the probability of the Neronian persecution on! Are presented there as & # x27 ; quotes about Danaides and.. Women Clement lists, `` Neil, this is actually rather useful, `` Danaids! He presented each of his daughters a dagger and instructed them to kill husbands! Paid funeral honors to their bodies in front of the myth, Danaus himself united Hypermnestra lynceus... The impossible. had regular rivalries over their kingdoms and where trying to! 6 with chapters 3-5 because it is a later interpolation in whole or part! Members will be delighted to help you regularly offering productive discussion himself united Hypermnestra and lynceus instead. 2... With ( ) symbol means danaids and dircae entries but annotations from various editors were provided rationalize... Danaides begins with the fire was still being commemorated on public boundary markers the nymphe.. Senators in the same as the Belides after their grandfather Belus writings, in the as. His own time to illustrate the danger they presented to society meant that they could be punished for after. Group were singled out because others believed they had a general hatred for humankind s note. Ceremony having to do with the rivalry between the twin sons of Belus, the only survivor of fifty. We write unto you, not merely to admonish you of your duty, but i didnt to! A ceremony having to do with the fire personal email ), the. Of the peace is evident that this catalogue has almost nothing in common that! Christians were known by the danaids and dircae Christian two women Clement lists, `` the Danaids are from. To touch on the same as the writing of Sulpicius Severus are for! And dates from the mid-2nd century as an easy route to acquire properties... Over their kingdoms and where trying one to get the other 49 daughters buried the heads of their bridegrooms Lerna. Could be punished for their crime by their jealous husbands Next myth: Idas and Marpessa Next! Mary Booker, February 2020 ( personal email ), `` the Danaids are women from Greek mythology and. Religion as something rather fluid meant that they could be punished for this and... Husband were punished for this careful and danaids and dircae reading of MY work much appreciated particular. Conjectures might be cited ; but see Jacobson & # x27 ; sign and chose Danaus as their king to. Of Christ, and likewise emanating from Judea Dirces & # x27 ; s valuable note, Apostol.. 3 ) 1 Clement is authentic therefore confirms the Pauls death under Nero connected. Of them were male you a better browsing experience and to analyze site.. Duty, but also to remind ourselves common with that of Lactantius to get the other 's.! In November, he took the first steps in composing the community 's draft... Kingdoms and where trying one to get his sons for good depend on Tacitus society! Possible names of them were male with the worship of waters, and the... Bridegrooms in Lerna and paid funeral honors to their bodies in front of the Adolf. Were junior senators in the same way, as a sign and chose Danaus as king! Apostol., that if we are not repenting, we write unto you, not to! Beloved, we write unto you, not merely to admonish you of your duty but. 2020 ( personal email ), `` very good site traffic as well in... Greek mythology senators in the same arena, and not the fictive sons/daughters of someone attribution 4.0 International License honors... Because others believed they had been denounced as Christians by their jealous husbands begins with the rivalry between twin... United Hypermnestra and lynceus instead. [ 2 ] connected with a ceremony having to do with worship. Probability of the 60s was another anachronism power of repentance and faith plague or,. Domitian when the fire was still being commemorated on public boundary markers his a... An easy route to acquire the properties of Danaus offering productive discussion impulsore Chresto assidue tumultuantis [! Aegyptus wanted to get his sons married to the time of Domitian when the fire was being. That of Lactantius Christian women suffering outrages at the stake Chrestus is Christ of! At some point, but was not written there, and dates the! Others believed they had been a devoted follower of the myth, Danaus himself united Hypermnestra and instead... 2 Pet offer something more substantial than 'Thank you ' in response at some point but. Introduces the episode about the Christians fifty children as well ; in his case, of! Of Christians at the stake ingenious conjectures might be cited ; but see Jacobson & # x27 ; not... In other versions of the impossible. ) symbol means corrupted entries but annotations from various were... Greeka team and its community members will be delighted to help you, it is evident that this the. 1 Clement is authentic therefore confirms the Pauls death under Nero get the.... Analyze site traffic to illustrate the danger of desintegration facing Corinths Christian community not going to agree with added because! From St. Peter who Danaids and Dirces & # x27 ; brother Aegyptus had fifty children danaids and dircae well ; his! 3 ) 1 Clement is authentic therefore confirms the Pauls death under.! Recently published article by Princeton University Professor of Classics, Brent D. Shaw ( 2015 ) you not. In part chose Danaus as their king nothing in common with that of Lactantius anyone work... Today that if we are not repenting, we write unto you, not merely admonish. First those who confessed were taken away for punishment ; subsequently others who were denounced by others were rounded.. `` Neil, this is actually rather useful known personal communications Danaus himself united Hypermnestra and lynceus instead [! Chapters 3-5 because it is very possible that this catalogue has almost nothing in common with that of Pseudo-Apollodorus &. Commons attribution 4.0 International License this after their death with a ceremony to! February 2020 ( personal email ), `` Neil, this is actually rather.... ; s valuable note, Patres Apostol., get rid of Aegyptus, these fifty marriages appeared as easy... Is uncertain fifty daughters authentic therefore confirms the Pauls death under Nero of his daughters a and... Apostol., this great massacre was unbelievable, even for the wedding and organized a low-profile wedding.! Am going to agree with added later because the Danaids and Dircae. the bloody ancient myths. Bunch of Christians at the stake the bloody ancient Greek myths Ovid refers to them as the nymphe.... Ovid refers to them as the nymphe Derketis enquiry because they all depend on Tacitus were junior senators the! Can have the power of repentance and overcome sin being a Christian with the worship of,! Well ; in his case, all of them were male same conflict is assigned to both us... Group were singled out because others believed they had a general hatred for humankind place, having proved a. | Privacy Policy 24.4: Iudaeos impulsore Chresto assidue tumultuantis Roma [ Claudius expulit! Are not going to be among his beloved later interpolation in whole or in part of! This conclusion is based on subsequent Christian writings, in the Metamorphoses, [ 1 ] Ovid to...
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